Abstract:

From earliest times, visual aids–from crude diagrams to complex, beautiful wax anatomical models1–have been created to enhance the surgical learning process. Surgical educators realized early that suitable models could be used to develop the needed technical expertise essential to the safe performance of surgery. Practice on models also assisted in developing surgical judgment.

Authors:

Stephen J. Shapiro, M.D., F.A.C.S., UCLA Medical Center, Endocare, Los Angeles, CA; Margaret Paz-Partlow, M.F.A., Midway Hospital Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Leon Daykhovsky, M.D., Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Leo A. Gordon, M.D., F.A.C.S., Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Endocare, Los Angeles, CA

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