Abstract:

The surgical management of biliary stone disease has long since included ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for the diagnosis and treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Indications to ERCP/ES have progressively expanded from the diagnosis and treatment of retained CBD stones after cholecystectomy to the management of severe cholangitis and acute pancreatitis in high-risk patients to the treatment of all patients with gallstones and CBD stones as part of an integrated endosurgical sequential approach.

Authors:

Alessandro M. Pagnini, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S., Emanuele Lezoche, M.D., F.A.C.S., University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy

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