Abstract:

Laparoscopic surgery has undergone a rapid evolution since the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy of Erich Mühe in 1985. Many surgeons felt that further technological success would be related not only to increasing experience and skill of surgeons, but also technological advances which would enable surgeons to perform increasingly more difficult and complex tasks. Progress has been rapid for some, but broad acceptance by surgeons has been slow.

Authors:

Demetrius E. Litwin, M.D., Yuri Novitsky, M.D., Kent W. Kercher, M.D., Andras Sandor, M.D., Steven M. Yood, M.D., M.P.H.; John J. Kelly, M.D.; Richard M. Beane; Steven Ek; William C. Meyers, M.D.; Karen A. Gallagher, R.N., B.S; University of Massachusetts Medical School and University of Massachusetts Memorial Healthcare, Worcester, MA

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