Abstract:

The use of computerized robo tics in endoscopic surgery has prompted one to question whether this is the fifth and final step in surgical development. The progress of surgery through the centuries can be described as the eras of anatomy and physiology, anesthesia, antibiotics and minimally invasive surgery. The current situation is of more procedures being performed endoscopically not only in gynecology, but now also being embraced by other disciplines of human surgery.

Authors:

Duncan Turner, M.D., M.B., B.S., F.A.C.O.G. - Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital/De la Vina Surgicenter, Santa Barbara, CA; Kurt Semm, M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.I.C.S. - University of Kiel, Grunwald, Germany

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