Abstract:

Thoraco-Iaparoscopic surgery presents a series of technical difficulties linked mainly to the necessity of acquiring proper motor coordination and spatial reconstruction of an operative field that is seen from a distance on a two-dimensional video monitor, in the absence of any direct tactile feedback. In an effort to improve the motor coordination of the operating surgeon and of the surgical team, many apparatuses have recently become available on the market that allow the reproduction of a 3-D image on a video monitor. Such apparatuses have technical characteristics that are substantially diverse in technology and provide significantly different end results.

Authors:

Emanuele Lezoche, M.D., F.A.C.S., Alessandro M. Paganini, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S., University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; Davide Lomanto, M.D., Ph.D., University of Rome "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy; Francesco Carlei, M.D., University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy

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